Describe how thisthreat to internal validity may bias the findings (attenuate or inflate) and why.

Epidemiology type questions using epidemiology terms:11. Read the below excerpt from a study’s methods section, and evaluate/discuss the construct validity of the belowmeasure of individual SES.SES: To proxy economic status, we construct a variable from 1980 census files that represents the average familyincome in the zipcode area. We have appended census information on the average income of the maternal residentialzipcode to each birth record as a way to assess individual-level maternal socioeconomic status.12. Identify and describe the major threat to internal validity in the following (made up data). Describe how thisthreat to internal validity may bias the findings (attenuate or inflate) and why.Using data from privately insured patients in clinics and hospitals, Florida Department of Health researchersconclude that there are no disparities in covid-19 infection in the state.13. Identify and describe the major threat to internal validity in the following summary of an empirical study.Describe how this threat to internal validity may bias the findings (inflate or attenuate). How could theresearchers better control or account for this threat to internal validity?Researchers from the CDC are interested in the relationship between state of residence and death rates. Using crudedata, they find a strong relationship between residence in Florida and high rates of death. They conclude that theremay be elevated carcinogens in the water and air in Florida, and that these toxic exposures must be driving deathrates up.14. Identify and describe the major threat to internal validity in the following summary of an empirical study.Describe how this threat to internal validity may bias the findings (inflate or attenuate). How could theresearchers better control or account for this threat to internal validity?