Discuss whether you think Socrates successfully shows that human beings have three distinctive components (rational, spirited, and appetitive) each with its own desires.

1.Summarize the main components of Glaucon and Adeimantus’s challenge to Socrates about justice in book II of the Republic. Discuss whether you think Socrates’ response, as given at the end of book IV, effectively addresses this challenge (you may also bring in material from books VII-IX in your evaluation of Socrates’ response, if you wish).2.Describe how, in book IV of the Republic, Socrates argues that there are three parts of the soul. Explain in detail how one of the examples of psychic conflict works. Discuss whether you think Socrates successfully shows that human beings have three distinctive components (rational, spirited, and appetitive) each with its own desires.3.Explain how Aristotle defines nature, using Physics II 1-3. Which kinds of things have natures on his view? Is this a plausible way of distinguishing the natural from the artificial? Lay out the four kinds of causes presented by Aristotle in Physics II 3 and give examples of the different roles they play in explaining things. Do you think Aristotle is right to apply all four kinds of cause to the natural world or do some of these causes only apply to human activities and artifacts? 4.Explain the distinction between substance and accidents as Aristotle explicates it in the Categories and chapter 1 of Book 7 of the Metaphysics. Discuss how Aristotle in Metaphysics book 7, chapter 17, argues that the form of a composite thing (e.g. the form of human being) is its substance, rather than the elements or matter out of which it is made (e.g. flesh or blood or atoms) or the composite itself (the human being). Does Aristotle give good reasons for thinking that form is substance or should we think that the matter or the composite are better candidates for substance?5.Lay out Aristotle’s characterization of soul and explain why it leads him to think that all living things have souls. Discuss the different sorts of powers of the soul and how they relate to each other and the body. Why does Aristotle think the account of soul he gives better explains living things and the relationship between body and soul than Platonic accounts? Do you agree with him in thinking that his account is superior?6.Why does Aristotle think there must be an imperishable substance, in addition to the perishable and perceptible substances we see around us? Why does Aristotle think this first cause must be alive, active, and understanding? Explain how Aristotle thinks the first cause can function as a mover without itself being moved. How plausible do you find Aristotle’s explanation of how a first cause would function?7.Explain Aristotle’s reasons for thinking that there is a single highest human good, as presented in book one of the Nicomachean Ethics. Discuss why he thinks most of the popular opinions about the highest good fail to meet the criteria of self-sufficiency and finality. Does Aristotle successfully show that there must be some highest human good and that it must be the most self-sufficient and final good? Does he make a good case in book 10 for thinking that wisdom is the highest good?8.Explicate Aristotle’s account of lack of control in Nicomachean Ethics VII 1-3. What sort of knowledge does Aristotle think someone can act against and what sort of knowledge can’t be acted against? Compare Aristotle’s account with the account of psychological conflict in the Republic or Socrates’ account of being overcome by pleasure in the Protagoras. Evaluate which of these accounts you find most satisfactory and why (or explain why none of them is satisfactory).9.Explain how the Epicurean sayings are supposed to produce happiness and freedom from worry. Why do the Epicureans think that mental pains and disturbances are more serious than physical ones? Why does Epicurus think that the absence of pain is pleasurable and is, in fact, the limit of pleasure? How plausible is the Epicurean account of happiness? Do you agree that overcoming mental disturbances is more important to happiness than physical pain and pleasure?10. Explain the Stoics’ moral psychology and their account of action, both good and bad. Why do they deny that we can act against what we think is best? What role do appearances play in our actions? Compare their account with either Aristotle’s account or the account of psychological conflict in the Republic. Evaluate which of these accounts you find most satisfactory and why (or explain why none of them is satisfactory).11.Explain why the Stoics think that virtue is both necessary and sufficient for happiness.