What would be the role of the nurse in this disaster?

•Most can be answered in one to two sentences but should be substantive and clear. Use of scholarly sources with correctly formatted citations and references is expected for each point. oFrom the information gained through exploring your local Emergency Management Agency, identify the type of disaster that is most likely to occur in your area and affect the community where you live. Use your textbook and emergency management agency to explain and support this information, explaining why this is the greatest risk. oFrom the disaster described, what would be the most likely short-term and long-term impact to your community? What would be the role of the nurse in this disaster? oWithin the Evolve online content, complete the case study titled An Outbreak Impacts the Community. Consider what you have learned in light of the recent coronavirus pandemic. Answer the following questions: Based on the information in the case study, what information should be released to the public and how will you expect the public to react? What can the public health nurse do to help the public understand the information? From the recent coronavirus pandemic, identify one source of inaccurate information. Offer a link to the inaccurate information and provide a brief (no more than 2 sentences) explanation of why the information is inaccurate. Offer how a public health nurse can help correct the information and provide more accurate education. BELOW IS THE BOOK WHERE THE CASE STUDY CAME FROM CHPT 29 (Disaster Management)Nies, M A., & McEwen, M. (2019). Module Six: Disaster Management practice. Community/public health nursing online for Nies and McEwen: 7th edition. [Evolve online course]. Retrieved from https://evolve.elsevier.com/ AN OUTBREAK IMPACTS THE COMMUNITY- CASE STUDYA Choir Returns from a Successful TripForty-seven members of the Gladelig Singing Society returned from a performance tour overseas, primarily in the Scandinavian countries. They had traveled through 10 cities and had given 15 concerts in small villages and large concert halls. Thirty spouses had also traveled along during the two-week experience. The group had traveled in two large buses and had hired tour guides to lead them on various activities along their planned route.To celebrate a successful trip, the chorus scheduled a homecoming concert the night they returned from overseas. The concert would be held at First Community Church on a Friday evening, and was expected to attract a large crowd.Concert day arrived and the church was filled to capacity—over 200 people were in attendance. Following the concert, a reception was held in the church fellowship hall where members of the chorus mingled with friends and family. It was a fitting celebration for a successful concert tour.By Monday morning, the health clinics in the area began to notice an increase in telephone calls and appointments. Many of the callers complained of similar symptoms. Most suffered from a high fever, headache, weakness, and an unusually severe respiratory illness. Some showed signs of a rapidly developing pneumonia, with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. Vomiting and diarrhea affected a few individuals. Before noon, a dozen people were admitted to the hospital with pneumonia and respiratory distress.The most common diagnosis was the flu, but the symptoms were more virulent than the common flu usually seen in the winter months. Besides, this was not the normal flu season—it was July!After the first 25 patients had come through the Riverview Medical Clinic, the head nurse contacted the Riverside County Public Health agency to ask for help in starting an epidemiologic investigation. The symptoms were similar in each case, and several of the clients mentioned attending the Gladelig homecoming concert on Friday evening.At the Monday morning staff meeting, the public health nurses learned of the number of unusual calls to area clinics. A discussion on the possibilities ensued. The symptoms seemed similar to those often seen with influenza. But with the recent overseas travel of the group, concerns were expressed about the possibility of avian flu finally arriving in the U.S.The Gladelig Singing Society members lived in a three-state area. The director lived in Centerville, so Christine Brinkman, nurse administrator of the public health agency, placed a call to him. Did he have any idea how many people in the chorus were sick? Or did he have a way of quickly getting that information? What countries did the chorus visit while overseas? What had they done in the last few days of the trip?The director himself was ill, but his wife agreed to make a few phone calls to initiate the telephone tree established for the chorus. She called five people who in turn called five more, and so on. Within one hour, she reported back to Christine that at least 30 chorus members and 10 spouses had gotten sick in the days following the concert. Most of those sick were on the tour overseas. Their symptoms were similar, and several of them had been seen in their respective area health clinics.The director’s wife mentioned that the last night they were overseas, the group had gathered with several local families to celebrate a midsummer festival on a family farm. The festival consisted of a special religious service and a dinner served in a neighbor’s hay barn. Games were played in the yard, and the evening ended with a huge bonfire in the adjacent field. It was an exciting way to end the trip. She asked, “Do you think this has anything to do with the illness that so many people are experiencing?”Nancy Lionell, another public health nurse, and Christine worked together to conduct a full-fledged epidemiologic investigation. They needed cultures from the victims to help with a definitive diagnosis of the disease. Local laboratories were performing rapid flu tests but very few showed a positive result. Most were sent on to the University Hygienic Lab (UHL) to get the tests confirmed. Blood and sputum tests were also sent to the UHL for diagnosis of the mysterious illness.Christine made phone calls to public health agencies in the adjoining states to determine if they were also seeing an increase in the number of cases with flu-like symptoms. She alerted them to the possibility of an outbreak in Riverside County. At least two clinics reported a high incidence of phone calls and visits by individuals with similar symptoms. A definitive diagnosis had not yet been made by any clinic. Christine also called an overseas contact to find out if there had been a similar outbreak among the families who had hosted the midsummer celebration with the chorus.Nancy and Christine conducted telephone interviews with as many chorus members as possible to determine what symptoms they had in common. They also called people who had not gotten sick to help narrow the scope of the investigation. Everyone was asked to identify other people who had attended the concert to determine if the illness had spread to anyone attending the concert. Nancy arranged to go on the radio to alert individuals in the community about the possible outbreak.The rate at which patients presented to emergency rooms and area clinics with similar flu-like symptoms throughout the tri-state was increasing. The total number of patients being admitted went up. More and more people were admitted to the hospital; most had congested lungs and pneumonia, some experienced bloody sputum. Discharges from the hospital were abnormally low; patients were not responding to normal flu treatment and hydration efforts. Several doses of antiviral medications like Tamiflu had been ordered and were delivered by courier by the end of the day. The first death was reported in Centerville.The public health agency released a health alert notice via the Health Alert Network (HAN). The notice alerted people to the increase of a flu-like illness and possible pneumonia. Similar alerts were released by the agencies in the adjoining states. The alerts were limited to the cities and communities where the chorus members resided; it had not been seen beyond those areas at that time.As the public health nurses made routine home visits on Tuesday, several clients had symptoms of high fever, dehydration, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Homebound clients seemed to have fewer symptoms than those who had been out and about over the weekend. Several clients who attended the concert on Friday evening were very sick.Businesses and schools around the community reported an unusually high number of absences. Individuals throughout the county were calling in sick to work. Other individuals chose to stay home to care for family members. Others decided to stay home to avoid contact with this mysterious and deadly illness.One of the agency nurses and one home care aide called in sick that morning as well. The agency administrator decided to limit home visits to clients needing essential services. All staff members were issued personal protective equipment (PPE) for any visits that had to be made.By Tuesday evening, hospitals reported a total of 12 deaths from similar symptoms. Post-mortems and additional lab tests were ordered. Local television stations had picked up on the increase in apparent flu-related sickness and deaths across the region and led with the story on the local evening news. Reports and news anchors highlighted the importance of getting an influenza vaccine, prompting numerous phone calls from the public to their local public health agencies.A retired physician interviewed on-air advised the public to stay away from large gatherings to reduce the chances of infection. He also recommended that all schools and daycares be closed.One of the reporters interviewed the hospital spokesman. He also conducted a telephone survey to the area hospitals at about 4:30 p.m. He reported that the hospitals were at or above 65% capacity; some indicated they had few medical beds available because of the influx of flu patients.At 6:00 a.m. Wednesday morning, Christine Brinkman received a telephone call from the school district superintendent asking about the agency’s recommendations regarding closures. No specific guidance had been received from the state health department, but together they decided to close the schools to reduce communicability of the disease. After-school activities were cancelled, and group events were also postponed.Childcare centers closed as well. Riverside County Public Health nurses needed to find neighbors and friends to care for their children so they could continue working. Brett took his two children to his neighbors, Jean and LeRoy Thomas, who agreed to care for his children for the day. A similar scenario took place all over the community as routine activities and services were cancelled.Early Wednesday morning, the nurse manager at Riverview Medical Center instructed all personnel to notify her immediately if patients presented with flu-like symptoms. She contacted the hospital infection control practitioner and the emergency room medical directors and managers to initiate applicable reporting and notification protocols.Two hours into the shift, two additional patients were admitted with similar symptoms. The current patient load showed that the hospital was rapidly filling up medical beds; the hospital was approaching 90% capacity.The public health agency was contacted by various clinics to help collect specimens as people continued to flood into clinics for testing and treatment.In nearby cities, the large referral hospitals reported that they were approaching capacity and had limited ability to accept referrals. The state health department convened a teleconference with the six regional hospital planners to discuss surge capacity and availability of beds and other resources.Nancy contacted the local Emergency Management Agency (EMA) director about the outbreak. (Click here to learn about a real EMA in West Virginia.) Together they decided to establish an incident command center (ICC) in a central building at the fairgrounds (across the street from the health department) to coordinate personnel, equipment, and supplies. From this location, a public information officer (PIO) would collect and distribute all outbreak information. The PIO would also serve as a media liaison to ensure that news coverage is accurate and reflects the situation confronting the public.Read the statement released by the PIO. This statement was sent to all news media outlets in the tri-state area. Newspapers and radio and television stations were prepared to share the news with their readers and listeners.Call volumes for emergency medical services were overloading local ambulance crews. Calls for both emergency and non-emergency transport were starting to create a backlog. This backlog was exacerbated by numerous staffing shortages throughout the region resulting from employees calling in sick or staying home to care for sick family members. Localized panic began to surface as spouses encouraged their mates not to respond for work at hospitals, emergency service departments, public health centers, and other first responder organizations for fear of being infected.Hospitals and local public health agencies were having difficulty filling supply requests since many other agencies use the same vendors for equipment and supplies.Patients were still presenting to the emergency rooms and clinics throughout the tri-state region, and the numbers continued to rise. The current patient distribution showed hospitals were at nearly 100% capacity.The shortage of resources throughout the region included medical and support staff, clean linen, antivirals, IV supplies, ventilators, beds, personal protective equipment (PPE), and morgue space. Hospitals looked to the emergency management agencies (EMA) and public health for answers.On Thursday morning, a phone call was received from the University Hygienic Laboratory. The mysterious disease had been identified. Blood and sputum tested positive for Yersinia pestis. The individuals had pneumonic plague, a disease that is spread by droplets in the air. People can catch pneumonic plague from face-to-face contact with someone who has the disease. Specimens were sent to the CDC for further evaluation.Few U.S. physicians have ever seen a case of pneumonic plague. The pneumonia seen in patients progresses over a two- to four-day period and may include septic shock. Without early treatment, patients progress to respiratory failure and circulatory collapse; death occurs in approximately half of the cases.Pneumonic plague is treatable with antibiotics. Several antibiotics are effective, including streptomycin, tetracycline, and choramphenicol, but they must be given early to be effective. If someone has had face-to-face contact with an infected person, they should be given antibiotics for seven days prophylactially. There is no current vaccine available for prevention.County disaster planning included drills for mass dispensing of medications. With the large number of individuals who need to be given antibiotics (individuals who are sick and those who have been exposed), steps were taken to set up a POD (Point of Dispensing) site. Arrangements were made to have sufficient antibiotics delivered to the PODs by courier within four hours.One POD was set up at the high school gymnasium. This site allowed many people to be seen, entrance points could be monitored, and adequate parking was available. Arrangements were made for law enforcement officials to help with traffic control and to be available for crowd control. Nurses and trained volunteers were assigned to various stations and responsibilities within the gym. To avoid further spread of infection, no one who was already ill should come to this dispensing site.Individuals who had come down with the symptoms of the disease should report to their own clinics during designated times for examination and to receive antibiotics.Local officials issued a disaster declaration. Almost simultaneously, the Governor’s Office declared a state of emergency for the designated counties and called a press conference to announce quarantine and isolation policies. The state health departments in all three states were requesting that the general public adhere to all recommendations. National and international agencies were requesting that travel restrictions be placed on all individuals who reside in the tri-state area.National news networks had picked up on the growing public health crisis in the area, and field correspondents were sent to the CDC in Atlanta. The evening news broadcasts were cutting to local affiliates to get nationwide coverage of the unfolding story. Networks reported on the diagnosis of this rare form of plague and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. This contributed to the “worried well” putting an additional strain on the responding agency resources.Following an announcement by the CDC, reports immediately began circulating of suspected bioterrorism. Pneumonic plague was one of the agents that can be aerosolized and was on the list of potential bioterrorism agents.The President went on national television to reassure the public as apprehension rose in the tri-state area and throughout the country. He pledged the full support of the federal government. A disaster declaration was made for the states involved, and teams from FEMA and the CDC were deployed to the area.This case does not end here. Many more details would have to be included in this module to describe the situation completely, but space and time are limited. Ideally the implementation of emergency plans, including the proper use of isolation and quarantine and the mass administration of antibiotics, would help this community recover from this disaster.Centerville would never be the same, but its residents could learn many lessons from the plague’s impact on their community. Residents could move forward with a dedicated effort to be more prepared to deal with a future disaster.A highly communicable and deadly disease like a pneumonic plague is possible and could happen in your community, whether it arises from a natural event or as the result of bioterrorism. Regardless of the onset, the crisis would evolve in a rapid and chaotic fashion.Public health nurses will be involved in the crisis as it evolves and will be key individuals in directing and monitoring the situation. Only through adequate preparation, planning, and practice can communities be prepared to face the challenges of a disaster as it occurs in the midst of the community.Will you be prepared?I JUST PUT THAT CASE STUDY FOR YOU TO MAKE IT EASY YOU CAN READ THE BOOK IF YOU WANT. BASED ON THE ANSWERS IT IS JUST A 1-2 SENTENCES NEEDED