The psychology of attraction.

1.Analyze the following Documents:-Documentary on Personal Attraction by Hellen Fisher: Anatomy of Lovehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wthc5hdzU1s-Article on Interpersonal Attraction by Hellen Fisher (in ol.berklee platform) Read the Article + Watch the video, then answer the following questions ( below the article ) : We have chemistry! – the role of four primary temperament dimensions in mate choice and partner compatibilityDr Helen Fisher approaches choice of mate from the perspective of biology, asserting that four neural systems are regularly associated with a constellation of personality traits Passionate love, obsessive love, being in love, whatever you wish to call it. Romantic love: across-cultural phenomenon. Love songs, poems, novels, plays, movies, operas, ballets, myths, legends: the world is littered with the artifacts of this human passion. It begins as the lover starts to regard another as special, unique. Engulfed in energy and ecstasy, the lover plunges intodespair at the slightest adversity. Physical separation or social barriers heighten their romantic passion, what I call ‘frustration attraction’. Manyare willing to change their habits or beliefs, even die for this special other. The besotted thinks obsessively about him or her, known as ‘intrusive thinking’; and they crave emotional union with the beloved. Indeed, this passion arises from primitive brain pathways for wanting (Fisher et al, 2005, 2010). It is a drive – a drive to pursue life’s greatest prize: a mating partner (Fisher, 2004).And at the core of human romantic love is a profound preference for a particular individual; no one else will do.Psychological and social forces driving mate choiceMany social, economic, psychologicaland biological forces contribute to mate preference. We tend to gravitate to someone with the same socio-economic and ethnic background, with a similar level of education, intelligence and physical attractiveness; a partner who shares our religious and social values; and someone who can provide the lifestyle we seek. Timing and proximity contribute. Andsome psychologists believe we gravitate to someone similar to the parent with whom we have unresolved issues; who can provide the type of attachment we had with Helen FisherHelen, who has a PhD in biological anthropology, is a research professor and member of the Centre for Human Evolution Studies in the Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University and chief scientific advisor to the internet dating site, Chemistry.com. She has conducted extensive research and written five books on the evolution and future of human sex, love, marriage, gender differences in the brain and how your personality type shapes who you are and who you love. 8www.ukcp.org.ukThe theory of love feature articlemother; or a mate who reflects the values and interests of our childhood friends (See Pfaff and Fisher, 2012). But academics don’t agree on the role of personality in mate choice. Some report we are attracted to those with similar personality traits; others conclude that opposites attract; still others maintain neither play a role. So I approached mate choice from a different perspective: biology.Four primary temperament dimensionsPersonality is composed of two basictypes of traits: those an individual acquires through experience, traits of character; and those with biological underpinnings, traits of temperament. Traits of temperamentare heritable, relatively stable across thelife course and linked to specific genes, hormones and/or neurotransmitter systems. Indeed, some 50 per cent of who we are stems from our biology. So I culled fromthe academic literature those personality traits currently linked with any physiological foundations. Then I designed a questionnaire to measure one’s expression of these traits and put this questionnaire on an internet dating site. Last, in a sample of 28,000 men and women on this dating site, I watched who chose whom to date.Only four neural systems are regularly associated with a constellation of personality traits (see Fisher, 2009,2012; Fisher et al 2010). Variations in the dopamine system have been linked with novelty, experience and adventure seeking, susceptibility to boredom, impulsivity, energy and enthusiasm. People expressive of certain genes in the dopamine system tend to lack introspection; they look out not in. These men and women are also often intellectually curious, mentally flexible and creative. So I called this style of thinking and behaving ‘curious/energetic’ and dubbed them Explorers.The suite of traits associated with specific activities and genes in the serotonin system include sociability, caution (harm avoidance), less anxiety and more close friends. Elevated activity in the serotonin systems is also linked with observing social norms, following the rules, respecting“ It is a drive – a drive to pursue life’s greatest prize: a mating partner ”authority, orderliness, adherence to plans, methods and habits, self-control, precision, interest in details, conscientiousness, figural and numeric creativity, and religiosity.So I designated this trait constellationthe ‘cautious/social norm compliant’ temperament dimension and dubbed those particularly expressive of this suite of traits Builders.Prenatal endogenous testosterone priming is linked with enhanced visual-spatial perception and a keen understanding of ‘rule-based systems’, from mechanics to computers, maths, engineering or music. Those expressive of testosterone regularly exhibit acute attention to details andhave deep but narrow interests. They also tend to be less socially aware, with poorer emotion recognition, less eye contact,less verbal fluency, reduced empathy and extreme sensitivity to rank.Yet they are often self-confident, forthright, assertive and emotionally contained, although they also experience more emotional flooding, particularly rage. I designated this trait constellation the ‘analytical/tough-minded’ temperament dimension and dubbed those particularly expressive of this trait constellation Directors.Prenatal endogenous oestrogen primingis associated with contextual, holistic and long-term thinking, as well as linguistic skills, agreeableness, co-operation, theory of mind (intuition), empathy and nurturing. Traits associated with oestrogen activities also include generosity and trust, the drive to make social attachments, heightened memory for emotional experiences,keen imagination and mental flexibility. Oxytocin, closely related to oestrogen, is also associated with several prosocial traits, including trust, reading emotions in others and theory of mind. So I designated this trait constellation the ‘prosocial/empathetic’ temperament dimension and dubbed those predominantly expressive of this suite of trait Negotiators.The questionnaireMy final questionnaire consisted of 56 statements. Data were collected using the US internet dating site, chemistry.com, until reliability was obtained in a US sampleof 39,913 anonymous men and women. I then used eigen analysis on an additional set of 100,000 men and women. All individuals expressed all four temperament dimensions, yet individuals varied in the“ Academics don’t agree on the role of personality in mate choice ”degree to which they expressed each.Then, in a random sample of 28,128 heterosexual anonymous adults on the same dating website, I watched who chose whom to date. And because men and women often make up their minds about whether an individual is an appropriate long-term partner within the first few minutes of meeting him or her (Sunnafrank and Ramirez, 2004), I felt an investigation of initial attraction was an appropriate focus for understanding a core aspect of mate choice, its beginning.Mate choiceMen and women who were primarily novelty-seeking, energetic, curious and creative were statistically significantly more drawn to those who shared these traits, while those who were primarily conventional, cautious and rule following were also drawn to individuals like themselves. But those who were more analytical, tough minded, direct and decisive were disproportionately attracted to their opposite, those who were imaginative, intuitive, compassionate and socially skilled; and vice versa. In short, Explorers preferentially sought Explorers, Builders sought other Builders, and Directors and Negotiators were drawn to one another.Why does similarity attract in some cases while opposites attract in others? Perhaps these human appetites are primordial reproductive mechanisms that evolved to insure the survival of the young.Takea partnership between a Director and a Negotiator.Director and Negotiator matchThese are very different styles of thinking and behaving, yet the Director and Negotiator have important things in common. Foremost, their thinking meshes. Both dislike wasting time on irrelevant or superficial conversations, and both like to discuss abstract concepts and generate theories.Yet the Negotiator sees the big picture, while the Director is likely to focus on smaller pieces of the puzzle; so both can impress. They are also likely to make decisions well together. The Negotiator will The Psychotherapist9The theory of lovefeature articlesee all the angles, while the Director will be decisive. Moreover, the Director needs the Negotiator’s empathy, verbal acuity and people skills, while the Negotiator can marvel at the Director’s candor, their goal- oriented focus and their gift of knowing their own mind.Problems can emerge, however. Directors strive for efficiency and logic, a trait that can disappoint the expressive, tenderhearted Negotiator. Directors don’t like redundancy either; they are not likely to say ‘I love you’ regularly or respond to other loving rituals the Negotiator needs to feel connected. Moreover, Directors admire self-control,so if the Negotiator becomes a drama queen (or king), the Director may retreat into hostile silence. The Director can also become impatient with the Negotiator’s intuitive side, regarding it as airy nonsense. Meanwhile, the Negotiator may find the Director’s insistence on tough-minded logic irritating, particularly if it tramples on someone’s feelings.But when the Director and Negotiator pool their complementary traits, they are likely to be an effective team for raising young.Builder and Builder matchIf Directors and Negotiators are pooling different resources to rear their young, Builders appear to capitalise on many shared strengths. Builders tend to be calm, precise, managerial and social; both like building community ties. And because Builders are modest, civic-minded and often popular, two Builders can create a wide, stable, social network. Nor are these men and women impulsive with their money, actions or feelings; security is importantto both. Moreover, Builders are traditional. Duty, loyalty, patience, persistence and service are their strong suits, so both are likely to be devoted to domestic stability, overlooking their differences to make the marriage last.But Builders can be moralistic: both are likely to believe there is a ‘right’ thing to do and a ‘right’ way of doing it. And both can be critical. So Builders are likely to bicker over trivial matters, such as howto do the dishes. And Builders refuse to compromise their standards: both can be stubborn. Moreover, Builders are the least sexual of the four broad styles of thinking and behaving. So sex – and the emotional closeness it often brings – can take a back seat to their individual schedules.“ I felt an investigation of initial attraction was an appropriate focus for understanding a core aspect of mate choice ”Nevertheless, with two Builders, humanity has evolved another stable strategy for parenting.Explorer and Explorer matchExplorers are curious. They have many interests: they love to learn, and they regularly seek novelty and adventure. Moreover, Explorers are likely to be impulsive, high energy, flexible, irreverent and very interested in sex. So two Explorers canhave great fun together.They won’t argue over life’s little chores: when to take out the garbage is likely to be immaterial to both. They aren’t likely to quarrel about money either, as most believe cash should be used to fulfil their dreams. Explorers don’t follow schedules or prescribed ways of doing things, unless necessary, so neither willbe fussy about rules either. Explorers are optimists. And their positivity, flexibility and mutual irreverence enable these couples to keep their spirits up when life is strained.But two Explorers can find themselves in disastrous situations – financial or physical – because both are daring and impulsive. And what they gain in intellectual and/or physical adventure, they can lose in emotional intimacy because Explorers are wildly independent – even from a mate. Explorers aren’t generally introspective either. So two Explorers can leave serious family issues unresolved. Explorers also tend to be charismatic and flirtatious, so theycan stumble into extra-marital romantic situations. They are prone to addiction, too. And Explorers can become restless and hanker to move on as the novelty wears off. Yet this restlessness may be their biological strength. I suspect this type is more prone to making a series of partnerships, hence producing more varied young – another viable reproductive strategy.Other matchesBut what happens when an Explorer falls in love with a Builder? One is reckless, the other cautious; one likes novelty, the other basks in the familiar. Or when two Directors tie the knot? Both are sceptical,competitive and have poorer people skills. Can two Negotiators ever make a decision? Both vacillate. And how will someone predominantly expressive of both Explorer and Builder traits cope with someone who is largely a Director and Negotiator? Every match will have different joys and sorrows (see Fisher, 2009). Moreover, each of us isa unique combination of these four broad biological styles of thinking and behaving. In fact, in my most recent study of 100,000 individuals, no two people answered these 56 questions the same way.Nevertheless, each of these 100,000 men and women expressed these four broad personality constellations in some way: biological patterns to human personality exist. So when a couple walks into the therapist’s office, they come not onlywith luggage from their childhood but with biologically based variations inwhom and how they love. I believe these predispositions are worth knowing as the couple therapist embarks upon the journey into their clients’ hearts. PReferencesFisher HE (2012).‘Serial monogamy and clandestine adultery: evolution and consequences of the dual human reproductive strategy’. In S Craig Roberts (ed). Applied evolutionary psychology. Cambridge University Press, pp139–151.Fisher HE (2009). Why him? Why her? New York: Henry Holt.Fisher HE (2004). Why we love. New York: Henry Holt.Fisher H, Aron A and Brown LL (2005).‘Romantic love: an fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice’. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493, pp58–62.Fisher HE, Brown LL, Aron A, Strong G and Mashek D (2010).‘Reward, addiction, and emotion regulation systems associated with rejection in love’. Journal of Neurophysiology, 104, pp51–60.Fisher HE, Rich J, Island HD and Marchalik D (2010).‘The second to fourth digit ratio: a measure of two hormonally-based temperament dimensions’. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(7), 773–777.Pfaff D and Fisher HE (2012).‘Generalized brain arousal mechanisms and other biological, environmental and psychological mechanisms that contribute to libido. In A Fotopoulou, D Pfaff, MA Conway (eds). From the couch to the lab: trends in neuropsychoanalysis. Cambridge University Press, pp77–86.Sunnafrank M and Ramirez A (2004).‘At first sight: persistent relational effects of get- acquainted conversations’. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(3), pp361–379. 10www.ukcp.org.ukQuestions :Why and How People Fall in Love?Hellen Fisher (2013)NAME:_____________________________________________________Questions to reflect:1.Are there chemical correlates that indicate that love is not only a psychological component but also an organic/chemical phenomenon?2.Are there differences between sex drive, romantic attraction and attachment? In what sense?3.What neurotransmitters are involved in romantic attraction? And the neurotransmitters involved in attachment? And hormones involved in sex drive?4.What areas of the brain are involved in love?5.What traits are associated with romantic love? (Identify at least 5):•-•-•-•-•-6.Is casual sex with someone…so casual after all? Why not7.Do love and addiction have commonalities? Please explain.8.Name the four types of love personality as Hellen Fisher classified them. •-•-•-•-9.On your own opinion, what are the main conclusions on Dr. Fisher’s presentation?10.Then…what is love?-Test on personalities of attraction by Hellen Fisher (in ol.berklee platform)You need to send me a report (2-3 pages) that answers the questions (Fisher´s documentary on why people fall in love) on the ol.berklee platform and includes a brief reflection about your own personality type on interpersonal attraction (by reviewing the documentary, the test and the article).Here is the personality type test below :Text and instructions for Dr Helen Fisher’s Why Him? Why Her? TestSCALE 1‐ I find unpredictable situations exhilarating‐ I do things on the spur of the moment‐ I get bored when I have to do the same familiar things‐ I have a very wide range of interests‐ I am more optimistic than most people‐ I am more creative than most people‐ I am always looking for new experiences‐ I am always doing new things‐ I am more enthusiastic than most people‐ I am willing to take risks to do what I want to do‐ I get restless if I have to stay home for any length of time ‐ My friends would say I am very curious‐ I have more energy than most people‐ On my time off, I like to be free to do whatever looks funSCALE 2‐ I think consistent routines keep life orderly and relaxing‐ I consider (and reconsider) every option thoroughly before making a plan‐ People should behave according to established standards of proper conduct ‐ I enjoy planning way ahead‐ In general, I think it is important to follow rules‐ Taking care of my possessions is a high priority for me‐ My friends and family would say I have traditional values‐ I tend to be meticulous in my duties‐ I tend to be cautious, but not fearful‐ People should behave in ways that are morally correct‐ It is important to respect authority‐ I would rather have loyal friends than interesting friends‐ Long established customs need to be respected and preserved‐ I like to work in a straightforward parth toward completing the taskText and instructions for Dr Helen Fisher’s Why Him? Why Her? TestPage 1 of 3SCALE 3‐ I understand complex machines easily‐ I enjoy competitive conversations‐ I am intrigued by rules and patterns that govern systems‐ I am more analytical and logical than most people‐ I pursue intellectual topics thoroughly and regularly‐ I am able to solve problems without letting emotion get in the way‐ I like to figure out how things work‐ I am tough‐minded‐ Debating is a good way to match my wits with others‐ I have no trouble making a choice, even when several alternatives seem equally good at first‐ When I buy a new machine (like a camera, computer or car), I want to know all of its technical features ‐ I like to avoid the nuances and say exactly what I mean‐ I think it is important to be direct‐ When making a decision, I like to stick to the facts rather than be swayed by people’s feelingsSCALE 4‐ I like to get to know my friends’ deepest needs and feelings‐ I highly value deep emotional intimacy in my relationships‐ Regardless of what is logical, I generally listen to my heart when making important decisions‐ I frequently catch myself daydreaming‐ I can change my mind easily‐ After watching an emotional film, I often still feel moved by it several hours later‐ I vividly imagine both wonderful and horrible things happening to me‐ I am very sensitive to people’s feelings and needs‐ I often find myself getting lost in my thoughts during the day‐ I feel emotions more deeply than most people‐ I have a vivid imagination‐ When I wake up from a vivid dream, it takes me a few seconds to return to reality‐ When reading, I enjoy it when the writer takes a sidetrack to say something beautiful or meaningful ‐ I am very empatheticText and instructions for Dr Helen Fisher’s Why Him? Why Her? Test Page 2 of 3Total of your answers for Scale 1 and put it at right:This is how much you have of the Explorer personality type. They are attracted to other Explorers.Total of your answers for Scale 2 and put it at right:This is how much you have of the Builder personality type. They are attracted to other Builders.Total of your answers for Scale 3 and put it at right:This is how much you have of the Director personality type. They are attracted to Negotiators.Total of your answers for Scale 4 and put it at right:This is how much you have of the Negotiator personality type. They are attracted to Directors.Identify your highest and second highest totals as your “primary” and “secondary” personality types, respectively. Replace those quoted words in the first of two numbered sentences below (keep caps).Identify the attractions with your “primary” and “secondary” personality types above. Replace those quoted words in the second of two numbered sentences below (keep caps).1. I am a PRIMARY/Secondary combination.2. I am most attracted to PRIMARY/Secondary combination, but also those whose personality type is predominantly PRIMARY or Secondary.Please visit http://digitalcitizen.ca/y/ to interpret your results. Thank you. Text and instructions for Dr Helen Fisher’s Why Him? Why Her? Test Page 3 of 3