What general ideas and conceptions guided the authors in their research?

1. What general ideas and conceptions guided the authors in their research? 2. What question(s) did the authors ask in their research? 3. What was/were the authors’ hypothesis/hypotheses? Was/were the hypothesis/hypotheses justified on the basis of background research and theory? If so, how? 4. What was the population of interest (was it more limited than the population of all humans?) How representative was the sample that was drawn from this population? 5. For each experiment, what was/were the independent variable/variables? How was/were the independent variable/variables manipulated? What did the authors’ hypothesis/hypotheses predict about the results of this manipulation? 6. What was/were the dependent variable/variables? How was/were it/they measured? 7. What were the results? Did they support the authors’ hypothesis/hypotheses? 8. What were the authors’ conclusions? 9. Did the study have any limitations other than with respect to sampling? What were those limitations?