Discuss the evidence from people with phantom limbs. “The representation of our body is stable”.
Discuss the evidence from people with phantom limbs. “The representation of our body is stable”.
November 12, 2023 Comments Off on Discuss the evidence from people with phantom limbs. “The representation of our body is stable”. best service Assignment-helpDiscuss the evidence from people with phantom limbs.
“The representation of our body is stable”. This essay is on Neuropsychology. The title is broad so a unique approach/perspective is needed. There is a lot to discuss about phantom limbs, but this essay needs to focus on the argument about body representation plasticity in phantom limb patients and not too much on phantom limbs in general. I want the main argument to be that the neural representation of the body is not stable/ is plastic and that the perceptual stability of representation is driven by that plasticity.To argue this, please use evidence of cortical remapping, unmasking, fMRI studies, and other relevant empirical evidence of neuroplasticity in phantom limb patients. I will provide some possible references at the end.Please also include a counterargument and then question its validity to support the plasticity argument.Also include critical evaluation of the research discussed, positive or negative.The introduction should include:- A general explanation of phantom limbs.- Definition of stability; differentiating neural and perceptual stability.- Definition of body representation (body schema or body image). Please use in-text citations (often) in the APA style and of course a list of all references at the end, also in APA style. These are some useful references/ studies, use these and add others as needed:Ramachandran, V. S., Rogers-Ramachandran, D., & Stewart, M. (1992). Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization. Science, 258(5085), 1159–1160. Weiss, Thomas1; Miltner, Wolfgang H. R.1,4; Dillmann, Jennifer1; Meissner, Winfried2; Huonker, Ralph3; Nowak, Hannes3. Reorganization of the somatosensory cortex after amputation of the index finger. NeuroReport 9(2):p 213-216, January 26, 1998. Halligan PW et al. (1994) Sensory disorganization and perceptual plasticity after limb amputation: a follow-up study. Neuroreport; 5: 1341-5. Ramachandran, V. S., & Hirstein, W. (1998). The perception of phantom limbs. TheD.O. Hebb lecture. Brain, 121, 1603-1630.Borsook, D., L, B., Fishman, S., Edwards, A., Jennings, C. L., Stojanovic, M., et al.(1998). Acute plasticity in the human somatosensory cortex following amputation. NeuroReport, 9, 1013-1017. Silva S, Bataille B, Jucla M, et al. (2010) Temporal analysis of regional anaesthesia induced sensorimotor dysfunction: a model for understanding phantom limb.British Journal of Anaesthesia 105, 208-213. Kikkert, S., Kolasinski, J., Jbabdi, S., Tracey, I., Beckmann, C.F., Johansen-Berg, H.,Makin, T.R. (2016) Revealing the neural fingerprints of a missing hand. eLife2016;5:e15292. Makin, T.R., Scholz, J., Filippini, N., Henderson-Slater, D., Tracey, I., JohansenBerg, H. (2013) Phantom pain is associated with preserved structure and functionin the former hand area. Nature Communications, 4, Article number: 1570 Mezue, M., Makin T.R., (2017) Immutable body representations: lessons fromphantoms in amputees. The Subject’s Matter: Self-Consciousness and the BodyEd. De Vignemont, F. , Alsmith, A. J. T.., MIT Press,