Why were some “barbarians” more successful in creating enduring kingdoms than others in early medieval Europe from the 5th to the 10th centuries? What were the most lasting consequences of both the successes and failures of “barbarian” rule in these various places during this period?

Assignment Question

Compose a separate essay (1000 words minimum each) on two (2) of the questions below. that addresses all the parts of the question below. Use only the secondary and primary sources provided in our readings and on the course site. Aim to use at least half of the primary sources as the main evidence to support your analysis. Consult the essay rubric and the “10 Questions to Ask” as well as the discussion boards for guidance and to share ideas. Keep your footnotes simple but consistent so your reader knows where to find the source of your information.

• Question #1: 1. Why were some “barbarians” more successful in creating enduring kingdoms than others in early medieval Europe from the 5th to the 10th centuries? What were the most lasting consequences of both the successes and failures of “barbarian” rule in these various places during this period?
• Question #2: Compare and contrast what it meant to be Christian in the 5th, 10th, and 15th centuries C.E. Analyze in terms of the beliefs and practices of the major groups, including the Church and its clergy, that made up medieval European society during each of these periods.

Primary Sources: Andrea #84, Pope Urban II, “Letter to Flanders and Bologna”, 1095, and Robert the Monk, “A Jerusalem History” , 1011 Andrea #85, Ekkehard of Aura, “The Jerusalemite”, Albert of Aachen, “History of the Journey to Jerusalem”, “The Mainz Anonymous” late 11th century Andrea #86, “The Deeds of the Franks and of Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem”, 1099 Andrea #87, Fulcher of Chartres, “A History of the Jerusalem Pilgrms”, early 12th century Andrea #88, Ibn Jubayr, “An Account of Events that Happened on Certain Journeys”, late 12th century Andrea #89, Henry of Livonia, “Chronicle”, 1230s Andrea #90, Matthew of Paris, “The Greater Chronicle”; “Ivo of Narbonne’s Confession”; “The Tartar Feast”, 13th century Andrea #91, Jean de Joinville, “The Book of the Holy Words and Good Deeds of Our King, Saint Louis”, 13th century Andrea #92, Jean de Montecorvino, “Letter to the West”, early 14th century Pledge of Land to Secure a Loan to Go on Crusade, 1169 https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1169landpldg.asp\ Robert de Clari, “The Capture of Constantinople”, 1204 https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/clari1.asp Andrea #44, Roswitha of Gandcusheim, “Dulcitius”, mid-10th century Andrea #45, Ralph Glaber, “Five Books of History”, early 11th century Andrea #46, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, “Sermons in Praise of the Virgin Mary”, early 11th century Andrea #47, Jacques de Vitry, “Sermons for the People According to Class”, ca. 1200 Andrea #48, “Two Views of the Death of the Virgin Mary”, late 10th century & early 13th century Andrea #49, Stephen of Bourbon, “A Treatise on Various Subjects for Sermons”, 1249 Andera #50, Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay, “The Albigensian History”, 1218 Andrea #51, Francis of Assisi, “Testament”, 1226 Andrea #52, “Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 Andrea #53, Pseudo-David of Augsburg, “On the Inquisition of Heretics” Decrees on the Sale of Unfree Christian Slaves, 922-1171 https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1171latrsale.asp Andrea #30, Einhard, “The Life of Charles the Great”, 820s C.E. Andrea #31, Charlemagne, “Letters”, 790s-806 C.E. Andrea #32. Charlemagne, “Capitularies”, 785 and 806 C.E. Andrea #33, Lateran Mosaic of Leo III and Charlemagne, 799 C.E. Andrea #34, Nithard, “Histories”, 843 C.E. Andrea #35, Regino of Prüm, “Chronicle”, pp. 158-162, 890s C.E. Agobard of Lyon, “On Injustices”, ca. 822-826 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/agobard2.asp Annals of Xanten, 845-853 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/xanten1.asp The Rök Stone, 9th century Viking Sources in Translation: The Rök Stone Andrea, ‘A Student’s Guide to Using This Book”, pp. xli-xlv. Andrea, Pt. 1, Ch. 1, pp. 1-13 Andrea, #1: Aelius Aristides, “The Roman Oration” and Two Mosaics at Ostia, 2nd century C.E. Lucius Apuleius, “Isis, Queen of Heaven”, c. 155 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/lucius-assa.asp Andrea #2, Lacantius, “On the Death of the Persecutors”, 311 C.E. Andrea #3: “The Theodosian Code” 313-437 C.E. Ammanius Marcellinus, “The Luxury of the Rich in Rome, c. 400 C.E.” https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/ammianus-history14.asp Procopius of Caesarea, “Alaric’s Sack of Rome in 410 C.E.” https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/410alaric.asp Pliny the Younger, “Letter to Emperor Trajan on the Christians” 111-113 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/pliny1.asp Celsus, A Pagan Philosopher’s Views on Jesus and Christianity, mid-1st century C.E. https://www.bluffton.edu/courses/humanities/1/celsus.htm Andrea #4, Tertullian, “A Defense of Christians Against Pagans” 197 C.E. Andrea #5; Eusebius of Caesarea, “Ecclesiastical History”, 324 C.E. Andrea #6, “The Theodosian Code”, 313-437 C.E. Jews and Later Roman Law, 315-531 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/jewish/jews-romanlaw.asp St. Augustine of Hippo, “The City of God, excerpts on the Two Cities”, c. 410 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/aug-city2.asp Andrea #7, “The Barberini Ivory”, early 6th century C.E. Andrea #24, “Mosaic Portraits of Justinian and Theodora at San Vitale” 540s C.E. Emperor Justinian’s Dialogue with Bishop Paul of Nisibisi, c. 540s C.E. http://www.voskrese.info/spl/nisibtext.html Procopius, “Justinian’s Reconquest of Africa”, 534 C. E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/procop-wars4-9.asp Procopius, “The Silk Industry”, c. 550 C.E. Procopius, “The Plague”, c. 550 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/542procopius-plague.asp Andrea #25, “The Book of the Eparch”, c. 900 C.E. Andrea #26, “Constantine VII Governing the Empire”, c. 948-952 C.E. Andrea #27, Michael Psellus, “The Chronographia”, c. 1080s C.E. Andrea #8, Salvian “The Governance of God”, 439 C.E. Andrea #9, Sidonius Apollonarius, “Letters”, c. 450s-470s C.E. Andrea #10, Gregory of Tours, “History of the Franks”, 590s C.E. Andrea #11, “The Salic Law”, c. 507-511 C.E. Andrea #12, Cassiodorus, “Variae”, 538 C.E. Andrea #13, “The Altar of Ratchis”, c. 739-744 C.E. Paul the Deacon, “Pope Gregory I and the Lombards”, 593 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/pauldeacon-gregIa.asp Dagobert, King of the Franks, “Grant of an Estate to the Monks of St. Denis”, 635 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/635Dagdenis.asp The Jews of Spain and the Visigothic Code, 654-681 C.E. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/jewish/jews-visigothic1.asp Secondary Sources: Riddle, ch. 4, pp. 94-125 Use the textbook for historical context and change over time. Andrea, ch. 3, pp. 52-62 (includes primary sources) The Plague of Justinian: The First Recorded Global Pandemic https://www.thecollector.com/plague-of-justinian-byzantine-empire/ Icons, An Introduction https://smarthistory.org/icons-introduction/ Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy https://smarthistory.org/byzantine-iconoclasm/ Cross-cultural Artistic Interaction in the Early Byzantine Period https://smarthistory.org/cross-cultural-early-byzantine/ Riddle, ch. 1, pp. 3-27. Use the textbook for historical context and change over time. Arch of Constantine, 312-315 C.E. https://smarthistory.org/arch-of-constantine-rome/ The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, c. 310-311 C.E. https://smarthistory.org/basilica-of-maxentius-and-constantine/ The Colossus of Constantine, c. 320 C.E. https://smarthistory.org/the-colossus-of-constantine/ Riddle, ch. 2, pp. 29-64. Use the textbook for historical context and change over time. Andrea, ch. 2, “Christianity and the Roman World”, pp. 14-24 (includes most primary sources below) Christianity, An Introduction https://smarthistory.org/christianity-an-introduction/ Santa Prudenziana, 320s C.E., https://smarthistory.org/santa-pudenziana/ Barberini Ivory https://smarthistory.org/barberini-ivory/ Riddle, ch. 3, pp. 65-93 Use the textbook for historical context and change over time. Andrea, ch. 2, pp. 25-51 (includes most primary sources) Sutton Hoo Burial, c. 600 C.E. https://smarthistory.org/sutton-hoo-ship-burial-2/ Sutton Hoo Helmet https://smarthistory.org/the-sutton-hoo-helmet/ Decoding Anglo-Saxon Art https://smarthistory.org/decoding-anglo-saxon-art/ Riddle, ch. 6, pp. 155-176 Use the textbook for historical context and change over time. Andrea, ch. 4, pp. 74-111 (includes most primary sources) Making Medieval Books https://smarthistory.org/medieval-europe-byzantium/books-in-medieval-europe/making-the-medieval-book/ The Book of Kells, c. 800 C.E. https://smarthistory.org/the-astonishing-book-of-kells/ Riddle, ch. 10, pp. 273-295 Andrea, ch. 11, pp. 302-348 (includes most primary sources below) The Impact of the Crusades https://smarthistory.org/the-impact-of-the-crusades-4-of-4/ Byzantine Art and the Fourth Crusade https://smarthistory.org/byzantine-art-and-the-fourth-crusade/ Textbooks: John M. Riddle, A History of the Middle Ages (300-1500) ISBN-10: 0742554090 Alfred J. Andrea, The Medieval Record: Sources of Medieval History ISBN-10: 1624668380 DO NOT USE OUTSIDE SOURCES. OUTSIDE SOURCES WILL BE DISREGARDED AND THEREFORE ONLY LIMIT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF YOUR ESSAY AND THUS ITS SCORE. CHOSE FROM THE SOURCES I PROVIEDED.

Rubric: Level of Analysis Do you simply describe or summarize the evidence (not good) or do you evaluate and interpret the evidence (good) to address the problem? Do you build your analysis by grouping two or more primary sources together to explain by their relationship an aspect of the problem? Effective Evaluation of Primary Sources What perspectives are reflected in the primary sources you use? For example, is it an official document, or a personal expression, or an artistic representation? What purpose was it created for? How reliable is it? A good place to begin assessing point of view is to ask who, what, where, when and how this particular source came to be created. If any of that is especially pertinent to the problem you’re addressing, make sure to mention it.