Construct the appropriate 2 by 2 table and calculate the OR between vitamin use and NTDs.

Assignment 2 (page 1)Refer to page 154 of your textbook and answer question 8. Provide specific socio-cultural issues pertaining for items “a” through “c”This chapter stated how epidemiology may be applied to the study of the causality of disease. Suggest other examples of how epidemiology might be applied to study the causality of disease.Assignment 3 (page 2 )Refer to page 275 of your textbook and answer the question 6. Make sure to include your citations as per APA guidelines.How do protective and selective factors increase or decrease the risk for disease based on marital status? How would one account for the differential effect of marital status among men and women?Assignment 4. (Page 3)Refer to page 362 – 363 of your textbook and answer the questions 8 and 9.An investigator wanted to determine whether vitamin deficiency was associated with birth defects. By reviewing the birth certificates during a single year in a large U.S. county, the researcher located 189 infants born with NTDs. A total of 600 other births were selected at random from the certificates. Mothers were given a dietary questionnaire. Among mothers who gave birth to an infant with an NTD, 84 reported no use of supplementary vitamins; a total of 137 control mothers did not use a vitamin supplement. Construct the appropriate 2 by 2 table and calculate the OR between vitamin use and NTDs.The association between job-related exposure to welding fumes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was explored in a case- control study. The following data were reported for 399 COPD patients: 37 currently employed as welders; the remainder had no occupational exposure. Among 800 controls, 48 were employed as welders. Set up a 2 by 2 table and calculate the OR.Assignment 6 (Page 4 to 5)Refer to page 487 of your textbook and answer question 1. Provide specific examples for items “a” through “g”.From the descriptions provided, identify the type of study design that is being described:Smoking histories are obtained from all patients entering a hospital who have lip cancer and are compared with smoking histories of patients with cold sores who enter the same hospital.The entire population of a given community is examined, and all who are judged free of bowel cancer are questioned extensively about their diet. These people are then followed for several years to see whether their eating habits will predict their risk of developing bowel cancer.To test the efficacy of vitamin C in preventing colds, army recruits are randomly assigned to two groups: one given 500 mg of vitamin C daily, and one given a placebo. Both groups are followed to determine the number and severity of subsequent colds.The physical examination records of the incoming first-year class of 1935 at the University of Minnesota are examined in 1980 to seewhether the freshmen’s recorded height and weight at the time of admission to the university were related to their chance of developing coronary heart disease by 1981.e. Fifteen hundred adult men who worked for Lockheed Aircraft were initially examined in 1951 and were classified by diagnostic criteria for coronary artery disease. Every three years they have been reexamined for new cases of the disease; attack rates in different subgroups have been computed annually.f. A random sample of middle-aged sedentary women was selected from four census tracts, and each subject was examined for evidence of osteoporosis. Those found to have the disease were excluded. All others were randomly assigned to either an exercise group, which followed a two-year program of systematic exercise, or a control group, which had no exercise program. Both groups were observed semiannually for incidence of osteoporosis.g. Questionnaires were mailed to every 10th person listed in the city telephone directory. Each person was asked to provide his or her age, sex, and smoking habits and to describe the presence of any respiratory symptoms during the preceding 7 days.Assignments have been broken down into what pages the need to be on. I have also attached the book.