Describe and discuss excipients used in transdermal formulations and the mechanismsby which they improve absorption.

please read carefully. students are required to write an essay (not a series of short notes) on an important topic. in pharmaceutical science of 1500 words. You will need to do some background reading of original scientific papers on these topics for this essay and it will be expected that at least 2 journal articles will be cited in your essay. Although a good way to get a start on the topic, the use of Internet information should be kept to a minimum since many sites contain non-refereed and transient informationthe questions: Question 1. Formulating medications for extended release can increase the duration of action of many drugs. Describe and discuss how the coating of oral solid dosage forms can achieve extended release.Question 2. Describe and discuss excipients used in transdermal formulations and the mechanismsby which they improve absorption.Question 3. Discuss recent advances using cyclodextrins and other macromolecular hosts to improve solubility of drugs and excipients.Question 4. Discuss the application of microencapsulation techniques in pharmaceutical formulation.Question 5. The nose offers a convenient access route to a large mucosal surface which is well suited for drug and vaccine delivery. Unfortunately, factors such as nasal anatomy, physiology andaerodynamics severely complicate intra-nasal drug and vaccine delivery. Describe and discuss strategies for improving nasal absorption of either drugs or vaccines.