Using z-scores, how would you determine which participant(s) scored the most above the mean?

Psychology 259Final ProjectRequirements:You will be required to run a number of analyses in SPSS to answer the specific research questions below.All analyses will be conducted at the  = .05 significance level.Please use screen shots as appropriate for SPSS data and output and paste directly into this Word document in the appropriate place. Some output may be too large to fit into a single screen shot. In this case, be sure to take multiple screen shots and place them sequentially in this Word Document. If the SPSS data analysis output is not pasted into the appropriate place in your Word document, you will lose all of the points for that question.Accuracy and exactness are important in research. The following data were collected on the Caffeine Addiction Scale (CAS) to answer some of these questions. There are 3 questions on the Caffeine Addiction Scale (CAS). The first three columns of your dataset represent each participant’s score on each of the three questions on the CAS. In the Labels section in the Variable View of SPSS, you will see the full wording for each of the 3 questions. (Please note that the Caffeine Addiction Scale [CAS] was created for the purpose of this class project and does not represent an actual test for Caffeine Addiction.)Part 1: Working with the Data Set and Creating z-scoresa.Create value labels for the 5 variables listed. Here are the 5 variables that need value labels: 5 points – 1 point per variablecups_caffeine: label the following: o1 = I don’t drink caffeineo2 = between 1 and 2 beverages with caffeine per dayo3 = between 3 and 4 beverage with caffeine per dayo4 = between 5 and 6 beverages with caffeine per dayo5 = 7 or more beverages with caffeine per dayneed_caffeine: o1= Strongly disagreeo2 = Disagreeo3 = No opiniono4 = Agreeo5 = Strongly agreewithout_caffeine: o1= Strongly disagreeo2 = Disagreeo3 = No opiniono4 = Agreeo5 = Strongly agreepopulation: o1 = high school studentso2 = college studentso3 = full-time employees (not students)typeofcaffeine: o1 = coffeeo2 = energy drinksb. Create a new column (CAStotal) in which you add the scores for the 3 questions on the survey. This column with scores for each of the 3 questions will be each participant’s Caffeine Addiction Scale (CAS) total score. This is the variable you will use as your dependent variable for most of the analyses in this project.c.Create z-scores using the specific function in SPSS for creating standardized scores for the CAStotal scores. d. Take a screen shot of your data set with the 2 new columns. Be sure that the columns that you created Value Labels variables are showing the descriptive labels (not the numbers) in the data view. You only need to include the first 20 participants (rows) in your screen shot. Insert your screen shot here. 10 pointse. Using z-scores, how would you determine which participant(s) scored the most above the mean? 2 pointsf.Using z-scores, how would you determine which participant(s) scored the most below the mean? 2 pointsg.Using z-scores, how would you determine person scored the closest to the mean? Why (how do you know)? 2 pointsh. Look at participant #1 (row 1). What does the z-score tell us specifically about how that person scored on the caffeine addiction scale compared to the other participants in the sample? 2 pointsPart 2: Overall Caffeine Addiction in the SampleThe population mean of Caffeine Addiction Scale Total Score (CAS_Total) (μ) is 7. The population standard deviation is unknown. Your first task is to see if there is a significant difference between Caffeine Addiction Scale scores in our sample compared to the population.a. What type of inferential statistical test would you use to analyze this data? Why? 2 pointsb. What is the dependent variable? 1 pointc. Run Frequencies on your dependent variable and include the appropriate graph (histogram or bar graph). Include the following statistics in your analysis: Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Variance, Range, Skewness, and Kurtosis. Insert a screen shot of your output and graph here. 5.5 pointso2 = energy drinksb. Create a new column (CAStotal) in which you add the scores for the 3 questions on the survey. This column with scores for each of the 3 questions will be each participant’s Caffeine Addiction Scale (CAS) total score. This is the variable you will use as your dependent variable for most of the analyses in this project.c.Create z-scores using the specific function in SPSS for creating standardized scores for the CAStotal scores. d. Take a screen shot of your data set with the 2 new columns. Be sure that the columns that you created Value Labels variables are showing the descriptive labels (not the numbers) in the data view. You only need to include the first 20 participants (rows) in your screen shot. Insert your screen shot here. 10 pointse. Using z-scores, how would you determine which participant(s) scored the most above the mean? 2 pointsf.Using z-scores, how would you determine which participant(s) scored the most below the mean? 2 pointsg.Using z-scores, how would you determine person scored the closest to the mean? Why (how do you know)? 2 pointsh. Look at participant #1 (row 1). What does the z-score tell us specifically about how that person scored on the caffeine addiction scale compared to the other participants in the sample? 2 pointsPart 2: Overall Caffeine Addiction in the SampleThe population mean of Caffeine Addiction Scale Total Score (CAS_Total) (μ) is 7. The population standard deviation is unknown. Your first task is to see if there is a significant difference between Caffeine Addiction Scale scores in our sample compared to the population.a. What type of inferential statistical test would you use to analyze this data? Why? 2 pointsb. What is the dependent variable? 1 pointc. Run Frequencies on your dependent variable and include the appropriate graph (histogram or bar graph). Include the following statistics in your analysis: Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Variance, Range, Skewness, and Kurtosis. Insert a screen shot of your output and graph here. 5.5 pointsd. Using your analyses from Part C, answer the following questions: 6 pointsHow many participants were in the sample? What was the mean and SD for the sample? What was the most common CAS_Total score in the sample? Interpret the skewness of the sample. Interpret the kurtosis of the sample. Now go through steps for hypothesis testing:e. Express your hypotheses in symbols 2 pointsf.Run the appropriate statistical analysis in SPSS. Attach your output, including descriptive statistics here. 3 pointsg. Make statistical conclusions (accept or reject the null hypothesis, please be sure to write how you came to this conclusion based on your critical p and your obtained p) 3 pointsh. What does a p value represent? Why do lower p values provide evidence towards the accuracy of the results? 4 pointsi.Make a substantiative conclusion. What do your results mean about the average CAS score in this sample compared to the population? Be sure to include whether or not your rejected the null hypothesis, the direction of the difference (if you rejected the null hypothesis), and write out the statistics in APA format. 5 pointsPart 3: CAS Comparison Between Individuals Who Drink Mostly Coffee and Those who Drink Mostly Energy DrinksWe are now interested in whether there is a difference in caffeine usage between individuals who mostly drink coffee compared to those who mostly drink energy drinks. People were asked whether they mostly drink coffee or mostly drink energy drinks and were placed into one of two groups (i.e., there are different people in each group). a. What type of inferential statistical test would you use to analyze this data? Why? 2 pointsb. What is the independent variable (and the levels of the IV)? What is the dependent variable? 4 pointsNow go through the steps for hypothesis testing:c. Express your hypotheses in symbols 2 pointsd. Run the appropriate statistical analysis in SPSS. Insert a screen shot of your SPSS output, including descriptive statistics here. 4 pointse. How many participants were in each sample? 2 pointsf.Make statistical conclusions (accept or reject the null hypothesis, please be sure to write how you came to this conclusion based on your critical p and your obtained p) 3 pointsg. Make a substantiative conclusion. What do your results mean in terms of the difference in CAS score between individuals who mostly drink coffee compared to those who mostly drink energy drinks? Be sure to include whether or not your rejected the null hypothesis, the direction of the difference (if you rejected the null hypothesis), and write out the statistics in APA format. 6 pointsPart 4: Caffeine Addiction Before and After Educational VideoIn an effort to understand whether education on caffeine addiction would change caffeine addiction behaviors, a group of participants was first administered the CAS, then they were showed a 45-minute video informing them about the negative effects of caffeine addiction, and then were administered the CAS 4 weeks later to assess any change in caffeine usage. a. What type of inferential statistical test would you use to analyze this data? Why? 2 pointsb. What is the independent variable (and the levels of the IV)? What is the dependent variable? 4 pointsNow go through the steps for hypothesis testing:c. Express your hypotheses in symbols 2 pointsb. What is the independent variable (and the levels of the IV)? What is the dependent variable? 4 pointsNow go through the steps for hypothesis testing:c. Express your hypotheses in symbols 2 pointsd. Run the appropriate statistical analysis in SPSS. Insert a screen shot of your SPSS output, including descriptive statistics here. 4 pointse. How many participants were in each sample? 2 pointsf. Examination of Population (i.e., student or working) on CAS scoreResearchers wondered if caffeine addiction was different depending on whether individuals are students or not. Three groups of individuals were now compared: high school students, college students, and adults who were employed full-time. The following data was analyzed.a. What type of inferential statistical test would you use to analyze this data? Why? 2 pointsb. What is the independent variable (and the levels of the IV)? What is the dependent variable? 5 pointsNow go through the steps for hypothesis testing:c. Express your hypotheses in symbols 2 pointsd. Run the appropriate statistical analysis in SPSS, including descriptive statistics, and post-hoc tests. Insert a screen shot of your output here. 4 pointse. Using your analyses from Part D, answer the following questions: 9 pointsHow many participants were in each group? What was the mean and SD for each group? f.Make statistical conclusions about your OVERALL ANOVA (accept or reject the null hypothesis, please be sure to write how you came to this conclusion based on your critical p and your obtained p) 3 pointsg. Make a substantiative conclusion about your OVERALL ANOVA. What do your results mean in terms of the effect of Population on CAS score? B If it is appropriate to look at post-hoc tests for this analysis, please interpret the results of a post-hoc test (Fisher LSD). What do the results tell us about the difference in CAS Score between the three groups? Please list the appropriate comparisons and which groups are significantly different from each other and which groups are not significantly different from each other. If it is not appropriate to analyze the post-hoc test, explain why. 6 pointsi.For ANOVA in general, when do we decide to run post-hoc tests and why do we run post-hoc test instead of doing individual t-tests to compare the means of the three (or more) groups? 4 pointsPart 6: Relationship between age and CAS score Now, we are interested in the relationship between age and caffeine addiction. You have data on each participant’s age and their CAS score.a. What is the Independent Variable and what is the Dependent Variable? 2 pointsNow go through the steps for hypothesis testing:Express your hypotheses in symbols 2 pointsb. Run the appropriate statistical analysis in SPSS. Insert a screen shot of your output, including descriptive statistics, here. 4 pointsc. Using your analysis from Part D, what is the mean and standard deviation for age in the sample? 2 pointsd. Make statistical conclusions (accept or reject the null hypothesis, please be sure to write how you came to this conclusion based on your critical p and your obtained p) 3 pointse. Make a substantiative conclusion. What do your results mean in terms of the association between age and CAS score? Be sure to include whether or not your rejected the null hypothesis, the direction of the difference (if you rejected the null hypothesis), and write out the statistics in APA format. 5 pointsf.Run the appropriate analysis to create a regression equation for the linear relationship between age and CAS score. Insert a screen shot of your output here. Write out the complete regression equation below. 5 pointsg. What would you predict would be the CAS for someone who is 44 years old? 2 pointsProject ConclusionsLooking at all 6 parts of the inferential statistical analyses you just completed (parts 2-6), write a paragraph describing what your results mean overall. No numbers or statistics are necessary, just describe “the story” of the data. What have we learned? What does it mean? Be sure to include the information you learned from all of your statistical tests (you do not need to include the regression analyses). This should be typed in full sentences, in professional writing, basically a single sentence describing what you found with each statistical test in parts 2-6. 6 points