Write a Clinical discussion reply to Marie Gilberte

Dear writer i need a clinical discussion reply to a fellow classmates FNP clinical week rotation clinical. I will provide below the classmate’s clinical week discussion. Please, do not write the response in third person, write the response as if i am the one writing the response do not say author or student wrote this or that. Please, use sentences like instance (Name of Student) it sounds like you had an interesting clinical week experice this week, I agree with you that so on and so forth, and give your opinion whenever needed. Any questions let me know. I will also provided the class book to use for reference.Student clinical week to respond to:In modern times, the increasing number of cases of perinatal substance use disorders has become a key public health concern in the United States. According to Ecker et al. (2019), epidemiologic evidence reveals that rates of substance abuse during pregnancy have risen sharply for the last decade and that the incidence of opioid use disorder (OUD) in pregnant and postpartum females has increased in parallel. Owing to such factors, the consequences of misuse are substantial (Ecker et al., 2019). In addition, the continued use of opioids exposes users to addictive medications, ultimately leading to chronic use and misuse. A pregnant woman using opioids will deliver her child suffering from neonatal abstinence syndrome, which has numerous perinatal and postnatal implications for the infant and the mother.Neonatal Abstinence SyndromeThe woman presenting for the prenatal visit will have her unborn child affected with opioid use disorder. Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is the name of the condition the child will be born with. This syndrome ensues from the mother’s continued use of opiates and other illicit substances during pregnancy. According to Logan et al. (2013), NAS is a withdrawal disorder of system functioning. This condition impacts adolescent and young adult females of reproductive age. Therefore, there will be varying risks to the infant and the mother.Risks AssessmentPerinatal Risks for to InfantThere are numerous risks to the infant in the period immediately before and after birth. Before birth, likely complications are owing to poor growth in the uterus, which may similarly result in premature birth and birth defects. The onset of withdrawal signs is between 24 and 48 hours after birth. These infants are at risk of gastrointestinal distress, sleeplessness, and tremors (Maguire et al., 2016). These are also withdrawal symptoms. On most occasions, infants with NAS prove to be at high risk of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit for different complications and also the need for enhanced pharmacologic interventions. Similarly, such infants experience cases of extended hospital stays. These perinatal risks are critical in separating the infant from her mother during the vital phase when bonding and valuable growth should occur. NAS is linked to poor developmental outcomes (Brogly, 2019). Extended hospitalization periods result in the exploitation of greater health care resources in the case of infants with NAS compared to their counterparts without the syndrome.Post-Natal Risks to the InfantAccording to Maguire et al. (2016), aside from the effect of prenatal drug exposure on the developing nervous system, infants with NAS may encounter extra postnatal threats like inconsistent caregiving, family instability, out-of-home placements, poverty, and chronic stress. It is particularly the case with the infant whose mother is going to be the primary caregiver of the child without external support.Post-Natal Risks to the MotherOne post-natal risk to the mother is the growing cost of care. According to Azuine et al. (2019), NAS is associated with a high risk of the need for resources dedicated to the intensive care unit. Therefore, the mother will face a burden of medical expenses. There is also the risk of mortality. Some mothers of infants with NAS die within a period after delivery (Guttmann et al., 2019). As such, there is a danger of premature death of the mother.Long-Term Risk to the ChildSeveral studies have acknowledged the existence of long-term risks to the child with NAS. According to Maguire et al. (2016), epigenetic changes in newborns have been observed with lasting effects, where they require pharmacologic interventions for extended periods. Vision problems are also another risk. According to Maguire et al. (2016), prolonged opioid exposure affects infant vision as well as causes motor and cognitive and behavioral problems. There is similarly the risk of future addiction in adulthood.ConclusionDue to continued opioid use, the unborn child will develop neonatal abstinence syndrome. The condition presents various perinatal and post-natal risks to the infant like premature birth, birth defects, and the extended length of stay in hospitals among others. Post-natal risks to the mother include high costs of treatment and high mortality. Long-term effects of the condition on the child include motor and vision problems among others.ReferencesAzuine, R. E., Ji, Y., Chang, H. Y., Kim, Y., Ji, H., DiBari, J., Hong, X., Wang, G., Singh, G. K., Pearson, C., Zuckerman, B., Surkan, P. J., & Wang, X. (2019). Prenatal risk factors and perinatal and postnatal outcomes associated with maternal opioid exposure in an urban, low-income, multiethnic US population. JAMA Network Open, 2(6), e196405. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6405 (Links to an external site.)Brogly, S. (2019). Maternal and child health after prenatal opioid exposure. JAMA Network Open, 2(6), e196428. http://jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6428 (Links to an external site.)Ecker, J., Abuhamad, A., Hill, W., Bailit, J., Bateman, B. T., Berghella, V., Blake-Lamb, T., Guille, C., Landau, R., Minkoff, H., Prabhu, M., Rosenthal, E., Terplan, M., Wright, T., E., & Yonkers, K. A. (2019). Substance use disorders in pregnancy: Clinical, ethical, and research imperatives of the opioid epidemic: A report of a joint workshop of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and American Society of Addiction Medicine. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 221(1), B5-B28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.03.022 (Links to an external site.)Guttmann, A., Blackburn, R., Amartey, A., Zhou, L., Wijlaars, L., Saunders, N., Harron, K., Chiu, M., & Gilbert, R. (2019). Long-term mortality in mothers of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome: A population-based parallel-cohort study in England and Ontario, Canada. PLoS Medicine, 16(11), e1002974. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1002974 (Links to an external site.)Logan, B. A., Brown, M. S., & Hayes, M. J. (2013). Neonatal abstinence syndrome: Treatment and pediatric outcomes. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 56(1), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e31827feea4 (Links to an external site.)Maguire, D. J., Taylor, S., Armstrong, K., Shaffer-Hudkins, E., Germain, A. M., Brooks, S. S., Cline, G. J., & Clark, L. (2016). Long-term outcomes of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Neonatal Network, 35(5), 277-286. https://doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.35.5.277