Write a research paper outlining the many historical cost approaches that can be used to value item inventories.

Make sure you understand and read everything. Ensure competencies listed at the end of instructions are met.
Find the textbook needed to answer questions below attached. Also find the class additional resources page with videos explaining how to solve questions: https://doctorkarina.net/FS/story.html
You should be able to answer questions reading the below on the attached pdf.
Assignment
Inventory Management
Chapter 8 examines cost flow assumptions and inventory valuation including the proper valuation of merchandise inventory for an organization’s financials, the concept of the physical flow of goods, the most commonly used inventory valuation methods, the effects of the economy on the choice of inventory valuation method used, how to use alternative historical cost methods for valuing merchandise inventory, and how to use the inventory turnover ratio as a tool for financial analysis.
Chapter 8, “Measuring and Reporting Inventories,” pages 359-395.

Introduction
Inventories are the least liquid form of any asset. In other words, they cannot be converted into cash easily. Inventories can be in the form of raw materials, goods under process, or finished goods, but unless the finished goods are sold, cash is tied up into inventories. Similarly, if the raw material is not converted into final goods, then cash is blocked in raw material. Therefore, managing inventories and supply chains is very important for merchandising businesses.
Have you ever taken advantage of a pre-inventory sale at your favorite retail store? Many stores offer bargain prices to reduce the merchandise on hand and to minimize the time and expense of taking the inventory. A smaller inventory also enhances the probability of taking an accurate inventory since the store has less merchandise to count.
From your studies, you know that companies use inventory amounts to determine the cost of goods sold. This major expense affects a merchandising company’s net income. Now, you examine the importance and role of inventories in preparing an accurate income statement and balance sheet. Your work will also stress the importance of having accurate inventory figures and the serious consequences of using inaccurate inventory figures. After more study, you should understand how taking inventory connects with the cost of goods sold figure on the store’s income statement, the retained earnings amount on the statement of retained earnings, and both the inventory figure and the retained earnings amount on the store’s balance sheet.
Overview
This assessment focuses on cost flow assumptions and inventory valuation. It requires an understanding of:
The value of proper merchandise inventory valuation for an organization’s financials.
The concept of the physical flow of goods.
The most commonly used inventory valuation methods.
How to use alternative historical cost methods for valuing merchandise inventory.
How to use the inventory turnover ratio as a tool for financial analysis.

Preparation
Review all of the suggested resources and readings and Complete the Assessment below:

Part 1
Respond to the following 3 questions using grammatically correct language.
1. To place the proper valuation on inventory, a business must determine which costs should be included in inventory cost. Getting goods ready to sell should include what items?
[Answer here]
2. If inventory is being valued at cost and the price level is steadily rising, which of the three methods of costing—FIFO, LIFO, or weighted average cost—will yield the lowest annual after tax net income? Which method will yield the highest after tax net income in a scenario where the price level is steadily declining?
[Answer here]
3. Some circumstances justify departures from the historical cost approaches of FIFO, LIFO, and weighted average cost. Several additional inventory methods may be used when circumstances warrant. Identify and describe each of these alternative methods. Include an example of when each method may be applied.
[Answer here]
Part 2
Respond to the following 2 questions using grammatically correct language.
1. Given the following information, calculate the inventory turnover for a company. Evaluate the trend results.
2014: Cost of goods sold— $1,043,000; Beginning inventory— $283,000; Ending inventory— $264,000.
2013: Cost of goods sold— $820,000; Beginning inventory— $311,000; Ending inventory— $283,000.
[Answer here]
2. Identify which methods could be used to determine whether there has been shrinkage or shortage in the physical inventory.
[Answer here]
Note: Accuracy in accounting is paramount so take your time and double-check your work for errors or omissions.

Answer questions correctly. When you are satisfied with your responses, save and submit your template in the courseroom.
Part 1
Step 1: Identify the costs to be included when calculating inventory cost.
Step 2: Explain the three methods of costing and which one will yield the highest tax net income where price level is declining.
Step 3: Describe alternative methods of calculating inventory cost.

Part 2
Step 1: Calculate the inventory turnover for a company.
Step 2: Identify which methods to determine shrinkage or shortage in the physical inventory.

Competencies Measured
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Define accounting terminology and its application to accounting principles.
Identify the costs to be included when calculating inventory costs.
Explains the three methods of costing and which one will yield the highest tax net income where the price level is declining.
Explain methods to determine shrinkage or shortage in the physical inventory.
Competency 2: Apply accounting cycle strategies to manage business financial events.
Describe alternative methods of calculating inventory cost.
Calculate the inventory turnover for a company.
Competency 4: Convey purpose, in an appropriate tone and style, incorporating supporting evidence and adhering to organizational, professional, and scholarly writing standards.
Convey clear meaning through appropriate word choice and usage.